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PROFF User's Guide
Version 1.0
*** *******
*** *********
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Ozan S. Yigit & Steven Tress
March 1984
1.0 Proff User's Guide 1
1✓1.✓.0✓0 I✓In✓nt✓tr✓ro✓od✓du✓uc✓ct✓ti✓io✓on✓n
This manual describes PROFF, a formatter based on the
FORMAT utility presented in _✓S_✓o_✓f_✓t_✓w_✓a_✓r_✓e _✓T_✓o_✓o_✓l_✓s_✓.
PROFF was produced to provide a powerful formatter that can
be used under a variety of microcomputers, thus providing a
consistent formatting tool across environments. PROFF can be
used to format memos, reports, form letters and documents such
as this manual. It can also be configured to mimic other
formatting systems of similar nature.
This document itself was produced with PROFF, using most of
its advanced features. PROFF took care of such things as
auto-paragraphing and the production of the Table of Contents
as the manual was being formatted.
PROFF was developed under a Digital Equipment Corporation
Rainbow 100, using Mark Williams C Compiler for portability
reasons. PROFF is available under VAX/VMS operating system.
PROFF implementations for IBM PC and APPLE ][ microcomputers
are also underway.
Rainbow, VAX/VMS are trademarks of Digital Equipment
Corporation.
Mark Williams C Compiler is a trademark of Mark Williams
Company.
IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines
Inc.
APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 2
2✓2.✓.0✓0 G✓Ge✓en✓ne✓er✓ra✓al✓l D✓De✓es✓sc✓cr✓ri✓ip✓pt✓ti✓io✓on✓n
2✓2.✓.1✓1 T✓Th✓he✓e I✓In✓np✓pu✓ut✓t
The text that is to be formatted by PROFF is typed into an
input file using any text editor. This file contains the text to
be formatted as well as PROFF commands.
Each line in the input file is either a command line or a
text line. A command line is a line that begins with a period
("."). All other lines are text lines. The command lines are not
printed - they tell PROFF how you want it to format the text
that follows. Appendix A summarizes all of the PROFF commands
for a quick reference.
2✓2.✓.1✓1.✓.1✓1 T✓Te✓ex✓xt✓t
Text can be entered into the input file in any format.
PROFF removes all extra blanks and tabs between words when
operating in fill mode. This means you do not have to worry
about how many words you put on a line, and you can break lines
wherever it is convenient to your typing. Note however, that you
cannot break a word between two lines.
Blanks and tabs at the beginning of a line are not removed.
This is useful for producing special tables and performing
special types of indentation. Thus, normal text lines should
not have any leading tabs or blanks.
2✓2.✓.1✓1.✓.2✓2 C✓Co✓om✓mm✓ma✓an✓nd✓ds✓s
A command is a line that starts with a period. Immediately
following the period is a command name. Some commands accept a
numeric quantity or a character string parameter, which must be
separated from the command name by a space or a comma. For
example, an indent command might appear as follows:
|
|It is to do nothing that the elect exists.
|.in 5
|- Oscar Wilde
|
Assuming that the left margin was at column 1, PROFF would
produce the following:
|
|It is to do nothing that the elect exists.
| - Oscar Wilde
|
(In the examples above, as in those following, the vertical
1.0 Proff User's Guide 3
line indicates the left edge of input or the left edge of the
printed page).
The number following the command may be preceeded by a "+"
or "-" sign. This plus or minus sign indicates an addition or
subtraction of the number to or from the current value for the
command. for example, the text:
|
|Nothing to do but work,
|.in +3
|Nothing to eat but food,
|.in -3
|Nothing to wear but clothes
|.in +3
|To keep one from going nude.
|.in +7
|-Benjamin King
|
will produce as output:
|
|Nothing to do but work,
| Nothing to eat but food,
|Nothing to wear but clothes
| To keep one from going nude.
| -Benjamin King
|
If a number is not supplied with a command that requires a
number, PROFF will use a default value. The defaults for each
command are summarized in Appendix A.
2✓2.✓.2✓2 T✓Th✓he✓e O✓Ou✓ut✓tp✓pu✓ut✓t
The main functions performed by PROFF are _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓l_✓i_✓n_✓g and
_✓j_✓u_✓s_✓t_✓i_✓f_✓y_✓i_✓n_✓g_✓. A line is filled by packing as many words onto it
as will fit. The line is justified by spacing words evenly
between the left and right margins. When PROFF starts, it
assumes that the text is to be filled and justified. Of course,
when fill and justify are not needed (as in the case of a letter
or a table), there are commands to turn these features off, and
back on again, as necessary.
When PROFF is in fill mode, it normally strips out extra
spaces and tabs between words.
Many PROFF commands cause a _✓b_✓r_✓e_✓a_✓k to occur in the output.
This means that the line currently being filled is immediately
output. Any following text goes into a new output line.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 4
2✓2.✓.3✓3 E✓Ex✓xe✓ec✓cu✓ut✓ti✓in✓ng✓g P✓PR✓RO✓OF✓FF✓F
Once a text file is ready for formatting, PROFF is started
by typing the program name, various options, name of the input
file and the name of the output file. For example the command
A> proff -po5 proffman.prf proff.man
would produce this document as proff.man, from an input file
proffman.prf, shifted right by 5 spaces. (The symbol "A>" is
CP/M system prompt).
2✓2.✓.4✓4 B✓Bi✓ib✓bl✓li✓io✓og✓gr✓ra✓ap✓ph✓hi✓ic✓c N✓No✓ot✓te✓es✓s
PROFF wa produced by re-writing the Software Tools
Formatter FORMAT. Some of the ideas are from Freshwater
Institute RUNOFF, NROFF, University of Waterloo SCRIPT and
other formatters of similar nature. The underlying ideas of the
mentioned above formatters may be found in _✓S_✓o_✓f_✓t_✓w_✓a_✓r_✓e _✓T_✓o_✓o_✓l_✓s by
B.W. Kernighan and P.J. Plauger. 1976. (Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Mass.).
2✓2.✓.5✓5 R✓Re✓ef✓fe✓er✓re✓en✓nc✓ce✓es✓s a✓an✓nd✓d R✓Re✓ea✓ad✓di✓in✓ng✓gs✓s
Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger,
_✓S_✓o_✓f_✓t_✓w_✓a_✓r_✓e _✓T_✓o_✓o_✓l_✓s
Addison-Wesley (1976)
R. Furuta, J. Scofield and A. Shaw,
_✓D_✓o_✓c_✓u_✓m_✓e_✓n_✓t _✓F_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t_✓t_✓i_✓n_✓g _✓S_✓y_✓s_✓t_✓e_✓m_✓s_✓:
_✓S_✓u_✓r_✓v_✓e_✓y_✓, _✓C_✓o_✓n_✓c_✓e_✓p_✓t_✓s_✓, _✓a_✓n_✓d _✓i_✓s_✓s_✓u_✓e_✓s
ACM Computing Surveys, Sept. 1982, Pp. 417
Mark Stuart Brader,
_✓A_✓n _✓I_✓n_✓c_✓r_✓e_✓m_✓e_✓n_✓t_✓a_✓l _✓T_✓e_✓x_✓t _✓F_✓o_✓r_✓m_✓a_✓t_✓t_✓e_✓r
Department of Computer Science
University of Waterloo, CS-81-12
1.0 Proff User's Guide 5
3✓3.✓.0✓0 C✓Co✓om✓mm✓ma✓an✓nd✓d D✓De✓es✓sc✓cr✓ri✓ip✓pt✓ti✓io✓on✓ns✓s
This section describes PROFF commands. Commands specify how
the program is to process the text lines in the input file.
Lines in the input file that begin with a period (or the control
character selected by the user) immediately followed by a
command name are commands. Any line that begins with a period
and followed by a # or ! is a comment line and is ignored by
PROFF - this allows you to put information in the file that will
be neither processed nor output by PROFF.
As described earlier, some of the commands can be followed
by "parameters". Parameters are used in executing a command;
for example, in the command ".sp 3", the parameter "3" tells the
formatter to insert 3 blank lines into the document. The
following conventions are used in describing the parameters:
o Parameters surrounded by square brackets are optional. If
not supplied, PROFF assumes a default value.
(e.g. .sp [n])
o Parameters surrounded by angle brackets are mandatory.
PROFF will display a fatal error message if the parameter
is absent. (e.g. .set <variable name>)
o Parameters surrounded by squiggly brackets are to be typed
exactly as indicated. (e.g. .pn {roman})
o A bar character seperating the parameters within brackets
indicate an alternative. (e.g. .st [+|-][n] means both .st
[+n] and .st [-n])
In describing the commands, the command is typed exacty as
accepted by PROFF with the associated control character default
("."). If more than one form of the command is accepted by
PROFF, the command names are separated with a bar indicating an
alternative.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 6
3✓3.✓.1✓1 F✓Fi✓il✓ll✓li✓in✓ng✓g a✓an✓nd✓d J✓Ju✓us✓st✓ti✓if✓fy✓yi✓in✓ng✓g
.fi | .f | .fill
The fill command causes a line to be filled with as many
words as the right margin allows. For this purpose, all
extra blanks and tabs are removed between words. Each word
is separated with a single blank. PROFF automatically
assumes fill mode during the startup.
.nf | .nofill
No fill discontinues the filling of the text. PROFF simply
copies the text to the output. This command may be used to
pass tables and other text unaltered through the
formatter.
.ju | .j | .justify
Justify causes the words on a line to be evenly spaced
between the left and the right margins. Note that lines can
be justified only if lines are also being filled. PROFF
automatically assumes justify mode during the startup.
.nj | .nojustify
No justify discontinues the text justification.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 7
3✓3.✓.2✓2 T✓Te✓ex✓xt✓t F✓Fo✓or✓rm✓ma✓at✓tt✓ti✓in✓ng✓g
.br | .break
Break causes a break: the current line is printed without
justification, and the next word is placed at the beginning
of a new line. Note that many PROFF commands cause an
implicit break.
.in | .lm | .leftmargin [+|-][n]
Indent causes a break and indents the following lines [n]
spaces to the right of the left margin. [n] can be negative
to allow beginning a line to the left of the left margin,
however, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0. If a
plus or minus sign is used with n, then [n] is added or
subtracted to or from the current value.
.ti | .i | .left [+|-][n]
Temporary indent is identical to the indent command except
that it applies only to the next line of printed text.
Thus, the command ".ti +5" would cause the next line to be
printed 5 spaces to the right of those that follow.
.st | .spaceto [-][n]
Spaceto allows spacing to line [n] from the top of the
current page. If a negative [n] is specified, than spacing
is performed to line [n] from the bottom of the page
(excluding the footer lines). Thus, footnotes can be set at
a fixed distance from the bottom of the page by a command
such as ".st -5".
.sp | .s | .skip [n]
Space causes a break and skips [n] lines, except at the top
of a page. The space command is dependent on the setting
of line spacing.
.ce | .center [n | on | off]
Center causes the next [n] lines of text to be centered
between the left and right margins. Centering may be
started with "on" and terminated with "off", in which case
all input lines between these commands will be centered.
.ul | .underline [n | on | off]
Underline command causes the text on the next [n] input
lines to be underlined when printed. If [n] is omitted,
only the next line is underlined. This command does not
1.0 Proff User's Guide 8
cause a break, so words in filled text may be underlined
by:
|
|The "Pay-off" Theory: Only
|.ul
|losers
|believe in luck, horses, horoscopes
|and
|.ul
|lotteries.
|
to get
|
|The "Pay-off" Theory: Only _✓l_✓o_✓s_✓e_✓r_✓s believe in
|luck, horses, horoscopes and _✓l_✓o_✓t_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓i_✓e_✓s_✓.
|
Underlining may be started with "on" and terminated
with "off", similar to the centering command.
.ul | .underline [all | words]
This version of the underline command is used to set the
mode of underlining:
all - underline across all characters,
including spaces.
words - underline words only
.bd | .bold [n | on | off]
The bold command causes the text on the next [n] input
lines to be highlighted by overstriking. If [n] is omitted,
only the next line is highlighted. Bolding may be started
with "on" and terminated with "off" as in the case of the
center and underline commands.
.db | .dbo | .disablebolding
Turns the bolding off, all bolding commands are ignored.
This feature is useful for rough drafts.
.eb | .ebo | .enablebolding
Turns the bolding feature back on. Bolding is turned on
during the PROFF startup.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 9
3✓3.✓.3✓3 P✓Pa✓ag✓ge✓e F✓Fo✓or✓rm✓ma✓at✓tt✓ti✓in✓ng✓g
.ls | .spc | .spacing [n]
Line spacing is the command to set line spacing. Set n to 1
for single spacing, 2 for double spacing etc.
.bp | .pg | .page [n]
The begin page command causes a break, ends the current
page, outputs footers if required and begins a new page. If
[n] is present, the page number is set to [n]. The default
action is to number the pages incrementally.
.pn | .pagenumber {roman} | {arabic}
Page number command defines the format of the page number.
Uppercase roman numerals may be obtained with "roman"
keyword. To convert the page numbers back to normal,
"arabic" is specified. PROFF uses arabic numerals as a
default.
.np | .nopaging
No paging disables the pagination. When PROFF is in no
paging mode, "begin page" (.bp) and "page length" (.pl)
commands are ignored. This mode of operation is especially
useful for using the proff output with the multi-column
formatter (MC).
.pa | .paging
Paging enables normal page generation. This command starts
a new page and restores the page length to the value
previous to the ".np" command.
.ne | .need | .tp | .testpage [n]
Test page checks to see whether at least [n] lines remain
in the current page. If less than this number of lines
remain, printing will resume at the top of a new page. If
[n] is missing, it is assumed to be zero.
.he | .header <text>
Header sets the text to be printed on top of each page.
<text> is divided into sections which are to be left
justified, centered and right justified. To divide <text>
into these three parts, the first character is assumed to
be a separator. (e.g. /left/center/right/) But any
non-alphanumeric character may also be used. The characters
"#" and "%" are replaced with the current page number and
1.0 Proff User's Guide 10
day/time in the header.
.fo | .footer <text>
Footer is identical to header except that it sets the text
to be printed at the bottom of each page.
.oh <text>
The odd header command sets the header for odd pages only.
.eh <text>
The even header command sets the header for even pages
only.
.of <text>
The odd footer command sets the footer for odd pages only.
.ef <text>
The even footer command sets the footer for even pages
only.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 11
3✓3.✓.4✓4 P✓Pa✓ag✓ge✓e L✓La✓ay✓yo✓ou✓ut✓t
These commands are used to specify where on the page you
want the formatted text to be placed. The general layout of a
page is as follows:
page offset (.po) |
| |
V |
+----+-------------------------------------+----+ -+
| | top margin (m1) includes header | | |
+----+-------------------------------------+----+ |
| | top margin 2 (m2) | | |
+----+-------------------------------------+----+ |
| | . | | P
| |<-- indent (.in) . | | A
| | . | | G
| | T | | E
| | E | |
| | X | | L
| | T | | E
| | . | | N
| | right margin (.rm) -->| | G
| | . | | T
| | . | | H
| | . | | |
+----+-------------------------------------+----+ |
| | bottom margin 3 (m3) | | |
+----+-------------------------------------+----+ |
| | bottom margin (m4) includes footer | | |
+----+-------------------------------------+----+ -+
| |
| |
.po | .offset [+|-][n]
The page offset command moves the entire page to the right
or left depending on the specified value. All indentation
is according to the page offset. PROFF assumes a page
offset of 0 during the startup. If [n] is specified with a
plus or minus, it will be added or subtracted from the
current value.
.rm | .rightmargin [+|-][n]
Right Margin sets the position of the last printable
character from the left edge of the page to [n]. Default
value for right margin is 65. A plus or minus value will
be added or subtracted from the current value. If [n] is
not specified, right margin is set to the default value.
.pl | .ps | .pagesize [n]
1.0 Proff User's Guide 12
Page length is used to set the number of lines that are to
be printed on a page including the header and footer lines.
After [n] lines are printed, the paper will advance to the
top of next page. The default page length is 66 lines (11
inches for 6 lines/inch). This command is disabled if
nopaging is set.
.m1 [n]
Margin 1 sets the number of lines (including the header)
which will be left at the top of the page to [n]. The
default setting is 3. If [n] is omitted, is set to the
default.
.m2 [n]
Margin 2 sets the number of blank lines between the header
and the first line of text. The default setting is 2.
.m3 [n]
Margin 3 sets the number of blank lines between the footer
and the last line of text. The default setting is 2.
.m4 [n]
Margin 4 sets the number of lines (including the footer)
which will be left at the bottom of the page to [n]. The
default setting is 3.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 13
3✓3.✓.5✓5 T✓Ta✓ab✓bl✓le✓e o✓of✓f C✓Co✓on✓nt✓te✓en✓nt✓ts✓s
This section describes the the commands that are used to
generate a table of contents. Basically, a contents line command
is used in every place in the document where an entry is needed
in the table of contents. PROFF stores the text and the page
number when it encounters this command. After the the body of
the document is processed, a print contents command dumps the
contents table. The contents should be dumped in a new page,
with nofill. Page numbering should be disabled if the table of
contents is to be used in front of the document.
.cl | .contline [<n> <text>]
Contents line specifies a line of <text> to be entered into
the table of contents. <n> specifies the level at which the
item is to be printed in the table. When the table is
printed, each level of entry will be indented by specific
number of spaces. <text> appears in the output exactly as
it appears in the contents line command, except that
leading blanks are removed. If no options specified in the
contents line, a blank is inserted during the table
output.
.pc | .printcont [n]
Print Contents causes the currently accumulated table of
contents to be printed. If [n] is specified, it is used as
the indent value for each level. If [n] is not specified,
it is defaulted to 3.
A contents line at level 0 is as wide as
rightmargin-indent. The outlook of the table of contents
may be changed by altering the right margin and indent
values. A typical table of contents may be produced as
follows:
|.page
|.he ////
|.fo ////
|.nofill
|.sp
|.center
|Table of Contents
|.sp
|.printcont
The following example illustrates the generation of a table
of contents. Note that only one table of contents is active
for a PROFF session.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 14
.cl
.cl 0 A. Introduction
Introduction
text
.
.cl
.cl 0 B. Methods
Methods
text
.
.cl 1 a) Sampling Procedures
Sampling
text
.
.cl 1 b) Laboratory Procedures
Laboratory
text
.
.cl
.cl 0 C. Results
Results
text
.
.
.pg
.nf
.he ////
.fo ////
.ce
Table of Contents
.sp
.pc
These commands will produce the following table:
Table of Contents
A. Introduction............................... 1
B. Methods.................................... 3
a) Sampling Procedures..................... 3
b) Laboratory Procedures................... 4
C. Results.................................... 5
Macros may be defined as described in the following
sections to help the generation of the table of contents.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 15
3✓3.✓.6✓6 M✓Mi✓is✓sc✓ce✓el✓ll✓la✓an✓ne✓eo✓ou✓us✓s
This section describes miscellaneous commands that
radically increase the formatting powers of PROFF. With the
assistance of variables, PROFF can generate form letters and
documents with dynamic parts. The ability to save and restore
formatter context eliminates the need to remember the exact
settings of the formatter across the document.
.vs | .set <variable> [definition]
Set variable defines a variable to be later used in the
document. If the definition part is left out, PROFF uses
the variable name as a prompt and allows the user to define
the variable interactively. Variable names cannot start
with a numeric character, and may only contain
alphanumeric characters. The definition of a variable may
not contain any blanks, unless they are surrounded by
double-quotes. To get a double quote within a a quoted
definition, two double-quotes are used.
Once the variable is defined, it can be used anywhere
in the document, including the command line itself. A
variable substitution is invoked by a dollar sign ($). (A
literal $ is inserted into text using _$). A variable name
must be delimited by a non-alphanumeric character within
the text. If the contents of the variable is to be
appended to other alphanumeric characters, it must be
surrounded by wiggly braces ("{" and "}"). The following
is an example of variable usage:
|.nf
|.vs v1 Murphy
|${v1}'s first law:
| Nothing is as easy as it looks.
|${v1}'s second law:
| Everything takes longer than you think.
|Charley's observation:
| Computers were invented by $v1.
|
Produces the following:
|
|Murphy's first law:
| Nothing is as easy as it looks.
|Murphy's second law:
| Everything takes longer than you think.
|Charley's observation:
| Computers were invented by Murphy.
|
1.0 Proff User's Guide 16
.vg | .get <variable> <prompt>
Get variable is the interactive version of variable
definition. In this variant, a prompt string is used to
obtain the value of the variable, which is typed at the
user's terminal. If the prompt string is to contain
blanks, tabs etc., it must be enclosed in double quotes. No
quotes are necessary for input text.
.nr <a-z> [+|-][n]
Number register is used to define registers that contain
numeric values. There are 26 number registers, named a-z.
The command ".nr x n" sets the number register "x" to value
n; ".nr x +n" increments the number register by n; ".nr x
-n" decrements the number register by n. The value of the
number register x is placed in the text by the appearance
of @nx. A literal @ may be inserted using _@. Number
registers may be used on command lines and anywhere in the
text.
.cc | .cchar [char]
Control Character sets the character that distinguishes
PROFF commands from text to be formatted. As a default,
control character is set to (".") period. This character
may be changed to something other than a period, either to
mimic other formatters or to disallow interpretation of
lines beginning with a period. (This document makes heavy
use of the .cc command).
.ec | .echar [char]
Escape Character sets the character that disallows the
interpretation of spacial characters such as @ and $. PROFF
uses an underline ("_") character as a default.
.so | .source | .include | .require [filename]
The source (include) command allows external files to be
inserted into the input file during the formatting. Using
this feature, tables, graphs and other documents generated
outside PROFF may be included into the document being
formatted. This feature is also very useful in including a
common set of macros during formatting. Include files may
be nested inside other include files. Currently, PROFF only
allows a nested include files level of 8. Filename may be
enclosed in quotes.
.sv | .save
The save command allows the saving of the current formatter
1.0 Proff User's Guide 17
context on a pushdown stack. The saved context of the
formatter segment (FSECT) includes the following values and
flags:
values flags on | off
------ -----
indent (.in) fill (.fi | .nf)
right margin (.rm) justify (.ju | .nj)
offset (.po) paging (.pa | .np)
line spacing (.ls) number type (.pn)
page length (.pl) bolding (.eb | .db)
margin values (.m1) autoparagraph (.ap | .na)
(.m2)
(.m3)
(.m4)
control char (.cc)
escape char (.ec)
.rs | .restore
The restore command pops the context stack and restores the
values and flags as defined above.
.lx | .lex <command> [equate]
The lexical modification command is essentially a permanent
replacement of a given command. This command is used for
changing the command names without resorting to the macro
facility. Lex permanently removes the old command name from
command tables and replaces it with the new definition. If
the equate is not specified, the command becomes undefined
and is no longer recognised by PROFF. The command equate
should not contain non-alphanumeric characters.
.ap | .autoparagraph
The autoparagraph command turns on the automatic
paragraphing feature. If auto-paragraphing is on, every
line that starts with a _✓b_✓l_✓a_✓n_✓k or a _✓t_✓a_✓b character starts a
new paragraph. A new line is generated (.sp) and the
beginning of the paragraph is indented by five spaces.
Autoparagraphing is the equivalent of the following
commands:
|
|textextextextext
|.sp
|.ti +5
|textextextextext
|
.na | nap | .noautoparagraph
1.0 Proff User's Guide 18
No Autoparagraph command disables auto-paragraphing.
.wr | .write <string>
Write is a special output command, only to be used to
configure printers and other output devices with escape
sequences. This command outputs the associated string as it
is encountered, without going through the normal output
routines of the formatter. Currently, the output string may
contain control characters specified as "^<char>", decimal
numbers within the range of 1-255, and other characters.
Blanks within the string are skipped. Any portion of the
string enclosed with double quotes is output as is. To
output a double quote, two double quotes must be used
within the quoted string. Following is a typical string to
set a Digital La-100 printer to letter quality print mode:
|
|.wr ^["[2z"
|
In the control string, "^[" is the ASCII equivalent of the
Escape (esc) character. Following mapping table is used to
convert characters starting with a caret to their binary
equivalents: ("|" indicates an alternative)
Control chr Dec. Oct. Hex.
----------- ---- ---- ----
^a | ^A (soh) 1 01 01
^b | ^B (stx) 2 02 02
^c | ^C (etx) 3 03 03
^d | ^D (eot) 4 04 04
^e | ^E (enq) 5 05 05
^f | ^F (ack) 6 06 06
^g | ^G (bel) 7 07 07
^h | ^H (bs) 8 10 08
^i | ^I (ht) 9 11 09
^j | ^J (nl) 10 12 0A
^k | ^K (vt) 11 13 0B
^l | ^L (np) 12 14 0C
^m | ^M (cr) 13 15 0D
^n | ^N (so) 14 16 0E
^o | ^O (si) 15 17 0F
^p | ^P (dle) 16 20 10
^q | ^Q (dc1) 17 21 11
^r | ^R (dc2) 18 22 12
^s | ^S (dc3) 19 23 13
^t | ^T (dc4) 20 24 14
^u | ^U (nak) 21 25 15
^v | ^V (syn) 22 26 16
^w | ^W (etb) 23 27 17
^x | ^X (can) 24 30 18
1.0 Proff User's Guide 19
^y | ^Y (em) 25 31 19
^z | ^Z (sub) 26 32 1A
^[ (esc) 27 33 1B
^\ (fs) 28 34 1C
^] (gs) 29 35 1D
^^ (rs) 30 36 1E
^_ (us) 31 37 1F
1.0 Proff User's Guide 20
3✓3.✓.7✓7 D✓De✓ef✓fi✓in✓ni✓in✓ng✓g N✓Ne✓ew✓w C✓Co✓om✓mm✓ma✓an✓nd✓ds✓s (✓(M✓Ma✓ac✓cr✓ro✓os✓s)✓)
In document formatting, it is common to repeat a series of
commands at several places in the document. PROFF allows you to
define a new command that will replace these repeated commands.
This not only saves typing but ensures that _✓e_✓x_✓a_✓c_✓t_✓l_✓y the same
sequence of commands are applied throughout the document. A new
command that you define is formally called a _✓m_✓a_✓c_✓r_✓o_✓. To define a
macro, you must use the define macro (.de | .define) and end
macro (.en) commands.
.de | .define <macro name>
Define is used to define a <macro name> to which a series
of commands to be assigned. This definition line is
followed by any number of PROFF commands and/or text which
define the action that the macro will subsequently produce.
Macros may refer to other macros.
.en
End macro is the last line in the command definition. You
must put in this command to finish a currently defined
macro. ".en" command should not be re-defined as a macro.
The example below defines macros ".note" and ".endnote", similar
to the RUNOFF commands of the same name.
|
|.define note
|.sp
|.ce
|NOTE
|.sp
|.fi
|.in +5
|.rm -5
|.en
|
|.define endnote
|.sp
|.nf
|.in -5
|.rm +5
|.en
|
A macro is used like any other PROFF command, control
character followed immediately by the name of the macro. For
example, the above macros may be used as follows:
1.0 Proff User's Guide 21
|
|.note
|textextextextextextextextextext
| .
| .
| .
|.endnote
|
The following note is generated by the same macros described
previously.
NOTE
Flap's Law: Any inanimate object, regardless of its
position or configuration, may be expected to perform
at any time in a totally unexpected manner for reasons
that are either entirely obscure or else completely
mysterious.
Special symbols may be used within a macro definition. These
symbols represent the parameters passed to a macro, delimited by
blanks or commas. These symbols are $0 for macro name, $1 for
the first parameter, $2 for the second parameter and so on, up
to $9 for the ninth parameter. Currently, macro parameters may
only contain alphanumerics, no string parameters are possible.
The previous macro "note" may now be defined as follows:
|
|.define note
|.sp
|.ce
|$2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9
|.nr m $1
|.sp
|.fi
|.in +$1
|.rm -$1
|.en
|
|.define endnote
|.sp
|.nf
|.in -@nm
|.rm +@nm
|.en
|
In this version of the "note" and "endnote" macros, the
first parameter ($1) is used to pass the value for indentation
and right margin adjustment. All the rest of the macro
1.0 Proff User's Guide 22
parameters ($2 - $9) are used as the title of the note. The
indent value passed as the first parameter is also saved in the
number register "m" to communicate it to the "endnote" macro,
such that when the endnote macro is called, both indent and
right margin values are adjusted back to normal. It is possible
and may be more useful to use ".save" and ".restore" commands to
accomplish the same task, especially if the macro alters the
current formatting context drastically. The ".note" and
".endnote" macros may be called as follows:
|
|.note 5 Asimov's Law of Robotics
|textextextextextextextextextext
| .
| .
| .
|.endnote
|
In this usage, the indent value will be adjusted by +5,
right margin will be adjusted by -5, and the title "Asimov's Law
of Robotics" will appear centered above the note.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 23
4✓4.✓.0✓0 E✓Ex✓xe✓ec✓cu✓ut✓ti✓in✓ng✓g P✓PR✓RO✓OF✓FF✓F
The PROFF program may be invoked with a series of optional
parameters and filenames on the command line. The command
synopsis is:
PROFF [+n] [-n] [-v] [-s] [-pon] [-ifile] input [output]
The square brackets indicate an optional parameter.
Interpretation of the parameters is as follows:
+✓+n✓n
Start the printing of the document at the first page
with number n.
-✓-n✓n
Stop printing at the first page numbered higher than
n.
-✓-v✓v
Verbose mode. PROFF indicates the source files being
included into document, and produces a summary of the
number of textlines read in, the number of lines and
actual pages generated. A memory usage summary of
internal storage for macros, stacks and tables is also
displayed.
-✓-s✓s
Stop before each page, including the first one to
allow paper adjustment. A prompt is given just before
the first page. For each page thereafter, the terminal
bell is rung to indicate that another sheet of paper
is needed.
-✓-p✓po✓on✓n
Sets the page offset to n. This is equivalent to ".po"
command within the document. It is recommended that
-pon option be used instead of embedding the offset
value within the document.
-✓-i✓if✓fi✓il✓le✓e
Includes the given file to the formatted document.
This is equivalent to a ".include file" command within
the document. This option may be repeated more than
once, -ifile1 -ifile2 etc.
i✓in✓np✓pu✓ut✓t
Specifies the input file to be formatted. PROFF does
not impose any file extension. The recommended
extension is ".PRF".
1.0 Proff User's Guide 24
o✓ou✓ut✓tp✓pu✓ut✓t
Specifies the output file for the formatted document.
If this is omitted, output is directed to the user's
terminal.
Following are some examples of PROFF command lines:
A>PROFF -v proffman.prf
Format this document (proffman.prf) in verbose mode, and output
the formatted document to the terminal.
A>PROFF +5 -imacros.pma proffman.prf
Format this document, include the external file MACROS.PMA, skip
the first four pages and output the formatted document to the
terminal.
A>PROFF -po10 proffman.prf proff.man
Format this document, shift the entire document by 10 spaces to
right and output to a file called proff.man.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 25
5✓5.✓.0✓0 T✓Ti✓ip✓ps✓s o✓on✓n u✓us✓si✓in✓ng✓g P✓PR✓RO✓OF✓FF✓F
5✓5.✓.1✓1 C✓Ca✓ar✓re✓e a✓an✓nd✓d F✓Fe✓ee✓ed✓di✓in✓ng✓g o✓of✓f M✓Me✓em✓mo✓or✓ry✓y
PROFF uses a dynamic memory allocation scheme for some of
its operations. These are macro definitions, contents lines,
variables and save context operation. Running PROFF under
microcomputers with limited memory resources (64k or less)
require some care in using these commands:
a) Do not declare macros that are not needed within the
document.
b) Do not use comments within macros. Due to delayed evaluation,
comments will also be stored as a part of the macro
definition.
c) Where possible, avoid using too much text within macros. It
is just as easy to pass the information during the macro
call.
d) Use only the shortest form of commands within macros.
e) Be brief in contents line text.
f) Use short variable names as long as it is not so cryptic as
to be confusing.
g) Avoid unnecessary blanks within the variable definitions.
h) Avoid too many context saves without a corresponding restore.
The restore operation reclaims the memory used for a save.
Even if the formatter is used with a system of large memory
resources, some of the precautions above are applicable. (Utz's
4th law of Computer Programming: Any given program will
eventually expand to fill all the available memory.) Using the
-v option under memory-restricted systems may be useful in
determining the memory usage.
5✓5.✓.2✓2 F✓Fo✓or✓rm✓ma✓at✓tt✓ti✓in✓ng✓g w✓wi✓it✓th✓ho✓ou✓ut✓t f✓fu✓us✓ss✓s
PROFF, using its default settings, may provide reasonably
formatted output in many situations. As an example, examine the
document PROFF.TUT. This document does not use ANY formatting
commands. All formatting is done with the default settings.
5✓5.✓.3✓3 V✓Va✓ar✓ri✓ia✓ab✓bl✓le✓es✓s w✓wi✓it✓th✓hi✓in✓n m✓ma✓ac✓cr✓ro✓os✓s
1.0 Proff User's Guide 26
Variable expansions may be performed within the macros.
Typically, one of the parameters of the macro is assumed to be a
variable, which is expanded only after the macro is used. Thus:
|
|.define xx
|.ce
|$$1
|.cl $$1
|.en
|
The macro xx assumes the first parameter to be a variable, which
is centered on the page, and also entered in the table of
contents. Note the usage of "$$1". The lines within a macro are
scanned from right to left for parameter expansion. Thus, "$1"
is expanded first, resulting in "$<first parameter>". This is
later expanded as a variable.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 27
6✓6.✓.0✓0 E✓Ex✓xa✓am✓mp✓pl✓le✓e m✓ma✓ac✓cr✓ro✓os✓s
.!
.! macros to create a point-form lists.
.! note the use of number registers within
.! the macros.
.!------------
.define list
.nr a $1
.in $1
.en
.!------------
.define item
.sp
.ti -@na
$1
.en
.!------------
.define nolist
.in -@na
.sp
.en
.!------------
The "list" macro is used to generate point-form lists. The first
parameter is an indent value, size of point-str + 1. A typical
usage may be as follows:
|
|Project work involves:
|.sp
|.list 3 { size-of-point-str + 1 }
|.item a) { "a)" is the point-str }
|choosing a topic
|.item b)
|defining the topic
|.item c)
|research
|.item d)
|organizing the notes
|{etc.}
|.nolist { readjusts the indent }
|
The above usage will produce the following:
1.0 Proff User's Guide 28
|
|Project work involves:
|
|a) choosing a topic
|
|b) defining the topic
|
|c) research
|
|d) organizing the notes
|
The point-form recommendations under section 5.1 (Care and
Feeding of Memory) were generated with the same set of macros
described above.
1.0 Proff User's Guide 29
7✓7.✓.0✓0 A✓Ac✓ck✓kn✓no✓ow✓wl✓le✓ed✓dg✓ge✓em✓me✓en✓nt✓ts✓s
This document was edited by Terry Lim and Steven Tress.
The format of the document is largely based on The Freshwater
Institute RUNOFF User's Guide. The Quotes for the various
formatting examples are from THE QUOTABLE NOTHING BOOK and from
1001 LOGICAL LAWS, ACCURATE AXIOMS, PROFOUND PRINCIPLES, TRUSTY
TRUISMS, HOMEY HOMILIES, COLORFUL COROLLARIES, QUOTABLE QUOTES,
AND RAMBUNCTIOUS RUMINATIONS FOR ALL WALKS OF LIFE, by Peers,
Bennet and Booth, Fawcett Columbine Books, New York.
1.0 Appendix A 30
A✓Ap✓pp✓pe✓en✓nd✓di✓ix✓x A✓A
Summary of Commands
----------------------------------------------------------
.fi | .f | .fill
default: initial: yes break: yes
begin filling output lines
----------------------------------------------------------
.nf | .nofill
default: initial: no break: yes
stop filling
----------------------------------------------------------
.ju | .j | .justify
default: initial: yes break: yes
begin justifying filled lines
----------------------------------------------------------
.nj | .nojustify
default: initial: no break: yes
stop justifying
----------------------------------------------------------
.br | .break
default: initial: break: yes
cause a break and output current line
----------------------------------------------------------
.in | .lm | .leftmargin [+|-][n]
default: 0 inital: 0 break: yes
set left margin to column n+1
----------------------------------------------------------
.ti | .i | .left [+|-][n]
default: 0 initial: break: yes
temporarily indent next output n spaces
----------------------------------------------------------
.st | .spaceto [-][n]
default: 0 initial: break: yes
space to line +n from top
space to line -n from bottom
----------------------------------------------------------
.sp | .s | .skip [n]
default: 1 initial: break: yes
space n lines except at top of page
----------------------------------------------------------
.ce | .center [n | on | off]
default: 1 initial break: yes
center next n lines
center until turned off
----------------------------------------------------------
.ul | .underline [n | on | off]
default: 1 initial break: no
underline next n lines
underline until turned off
----------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Appendix A 31
----------------------------------------------------------
.ul | .underline [all | words]
default: words initial: words break: no
set mode for underline - words or all
----------------------------------------------------------
.bd | .bold [n | on | off]
default: 1 initial: break: no
boldface (overstrike) next n lines
boldface until turned off
----------------------------------------------------------
.db | .dbo | .disablebolding
default: initial: no break: no
disable bolding
----------------------------------------------------------
.eb | .ebo | .enablebolding
default: initial: yes break: no
enable bolding
----------------------------------------------------------
.ls | .spc | .spacing [n]
default: 1 initial: 1 break: no
set line spacing to n
----------------------------------------------------------
.bp | .pg | .page [n]
default: +1 initial: 1 break: yes
begin a new page and number it n
----------------------------------------------------------
.pn | .pagenumber {roman} | {arabic}
default: initial: arabic break: no
set page numbering to arabic or roman
----------------------------------------------------------
.np | .nopaging
default: initial: no break: yes
disable paging
----------------------------------------------------------
.pa | .paging
default: initial: yes break: yes
enable paging
----------------------------------------------------------
.ne | .need | .tp | .testpage [n]
default: 0 initial: break: yes/no
need n lines. Break and generate a new page
if not available
----------------------------------------------------------
.he | .header <text>
default: null initial: null break: no
set header to text (/left/center/right/)
----------------------------------------------------------
.fo | .footer <text>
default: null initial: null break: no
set footer to text (/lef/center/right/)
----------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Appendix A 32
----------------------------------------------------------
.oh <text>
default: null initial: null break: no
set header on odd pages to text
----------------------------------------------------------
.eh <text>
default: null initial: null break: no
set header on even pages to text
----------------------------------------------------------
.of <text>
default: null initial: null break: no
set footer on odd pages to text
----------------------------------------------------------
.ef <text>
default: null initial: null break: no
set footer on odd pages to text
----------------------------------------------------------
.po | .offset [+|-][n]
default: 0 initial: 0 break: yes
set page offset to n spaces
----------------------------------------------------------
.rm | .rightmargin [+|-][n]
default: 65 initial: 65 break: no
set right margin to column n
----------------------------------------------------------
.pl | .ps | .pagesize [n]
default: 66 initial: 66 break: no
set page length to n lines
----------------------------------------------------------
.m1 [n]
default: 3 initial: 3 break: no
lines between top of page and header
----------------------------------------------------------
.m2 [n]
default: 2 initial: 2 break: no
lines between header and text
----------------------------------------------------------
.m3 [n]
default: 2 initial: 2 break: no
lines between text and footer
----------------------------------------------------------
.m4 [n]
default: 3 initial: 3 break: no
lines between footer and bottom
----------------------------------------------------------
.cl | .contline [<n> <text>]
default: initial: break: yes
enter text into table of contents at level
n
----------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Appendix A 33
----------------------------------------------------------
.pc | .printcont [n]
default: 3 initial: 3 break: yes
print table of contents, indent each level
n spaces
----------------------------------------------------------
.vs | .set <variable> [definition]
default: initial: break: no
set variable to text
----------------------------------------------------------
.vg | .get <variable> <prompt>
default: initial: break: no
set variable interactively, using text
as prompt
----------------------------------------------------------
.nr <a-z> [+|-][n]
default: 0 initial: 0 break: no
set number register (a-z) to n
----------------------------------------------------------
.cc | .cchar [char]
default: "." initial: "." break: no
set command control character to char
----------------------------------------------------------
.ec | .echar [char]
default: "_" initial: "_" break: no
set universal escape character to char
----------------------------------------------------------
.so | .source | .include | .require [filename]
default: initial: input break: no
switch input to file
----------------------------------------------------------
.sv | .save
default: initial: break: yes
save the current formatter context on
context stack
----------------------------------------------------------
.rs | .restore
default: initial: break: yes
restore the formatter context from context
stack
----------------------------------------------------------
.lx | .lex <command> [equate]
default: initial: break: no
rename a command
----------------------------------------------------------
.ap | .autoparagraph
default: initial: no break: no
enable auto-paragraphing
----------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Appendix A 34
----------------------------------------------------------
.na | nap | .noautoparagraph
default: initial: yes break: no
disable auto-paragraphing
----------------------------------------------------------
.wr | .write <string>
default: initial: break: no
write a special string to output. line
counter does not change
----------------------------------------------------------
.de | .define <macro name>
default: initial: break: no
define a macro command - ends at ".en"
----------------------------------------------------------
.en
default: initial: break: no
end the macro definition
----------------------------------------------------------
Table Of Contents
PROFF 1.0
1.0 Introduction ....................................... 1
2.0 General Description ................................. 2
2.1 The Input ........................................ 2
2.1.1 Text ....................................... 2
2.1.2 Commands ................................... 2
2.2 The Output ....................................... 3
2.3 Executing PROFF .................................. 3
2.4 Bibliographic Notes .............................. 4
2.5 References and Readings ........................... 4
3.0 Command Descriptions ................................ 5
3.1 Filling and Justifying ............................ 6
.fi | .f | .fill..................................... 6
.nf | .nofill........................................ 6
.ju | .j | .justify.................................. 6
.nj | .nojustify..................................... 6
3.2 Text Formatting .................................. 7
.br | .break......................................... 7
.in | .lm | .leftmargin [+|-][n]..................... 7
.ti | .i | .left [+|-][n]............................ 7
.st | .spaceto [-][n]................................ 7
.sp | .s | .skip [n]................................. 7
.ce | .center [n | on | off]......................... 7
.ul | .underline [n | on | off]...................... 7
.ul | .underline [all | words]....................... 8
.bd | .bold [n | on | off]........................... 8
.db | .dbo | .disablebolding......................... 8
.eb | .ebo | .enablebolding.......................... 8
3.3 Page Formatting .................................. 9
.ls | .spc | .spacing [n]............................ 9
.bp | .pg | .page [n]................................ 9
.pn | .pagenumber {roman} | {arabic}................. 9
.np | .nopaging...................................... 9
.pa | .paging........................................ 9
.ne | .need | .tp | .testpage [n].................... 9
.he | .header <text>................................. 9
.fo | .footer <text>................................. 10
.oh <text>........................................... 10
.eh <text>........................................... 10
.of <text>........................................... 10
- I -
.ef <text>........................................... 10
3.4 Page Layout ...................................... 11
.po | .offset [+|-][n]............................... 11
.rm | .rightmargin [+|-][n].......................... 11
.pl | .ps | .pagesize [n]............................ 11
.m1 [n].............................................. 12
.m2 [n].............................................. 12
.m3 [n].............................................. 12
.m4 [n].............................................. 12
3.5 Table of Contents ................................. 13
.cl | .contline [<n> <text>]......................... 13
.pc | .printcont [n]................................. 13
3.6 Miscellaneous ................................... 15
.vs | .set <variable> [definition]................... 15
.vg | .get <variable> <prompt>....................... 15
.nr <a-z> [+|-][n]................................... 16
.cc | .cchar [char].................................. 16
.ec | .echar [char].................................. 16
.so | .source | .include | .require [filename]....... 16
.sv | .save.......................................... 16
.rs | .restore....................................... 17
.lx | .lex <command> [equate]........................ 17
.ap | .autoparagraph................................. 17
.na | nap | .noautoparagraph......................... 17
.wr | .write <string>................................ 18
3.7 Defining New Commands (Macros) ..................... 20
.de | .define <macro name>........................... 20
.en.................................................. 20
4.0 Executing PROFF ..................................... 23
5.0 Tips on using PROFF ................................... 25
5.1 Care and Feeding of Memory.......................... 25
5.2 Formatting without fuss ........................... 25
5.3 Variables within macros ........................... 25
6.0 Example macros ...................................... 27
7.0 Acknowledgements ................................... 29
Appendix A ............................................. 30
- II -
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